DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2022.13.410
We look into the how college economics courses affect students' ability to make decisions. We are able to isolate the treatment effects of an economics education on students' responses to a decision-making survey by taking advantage of a Chinese college admissions system that assigns students to economics/business majors based on preferences and the cut-off scores for those majors on the College Entrance Exam. We specifically compare the survey responses of students who just barely meet the cut-offs for majoring in economics or business to those of students who do not, and we discover that those who have taken economics or business courses are more likely to be risk averse and less likely to be subject to common biases in probabilistic beliefs.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2022.13.411
Since Arrow's foundational essay on health economics from 1963, the scale of the health-care sector, the share of public finances allocated to health care, and the body of research on health economics have all expanded rapidly. The need for health insurance was sparked by Arrow's emphasis on the significance of uncertainty. The theoretical growth of health economics was supported by later advances in information economics, such as the potential of no equilibrium in the insurance market due to selection. Arrow also stressed the doctor's function as the patient's agent, and much later research examined the influence of the doctor's financial and other incentives on behaviour.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2022.13.412
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2022.13.413
Sutiah Na
The Climate change increases the risks to financial stability across economies, by exposing economic activity, assets and capital flows to exogenous shocks. This paper argues for �??Circular Monetary Economics�?�, an approach to monetary policy that seeks to green and prudentially insulate the design and implementation of liquidity and credit facilities. Central banks repo market operations and liquidity infusions occasion a structural liquidity mismatch in financial markets, but could be sued to incentivise the transition towards a greener economy. By aligning credit growth and standards with central bank liquidity, commercial banks will be incentivised to green and insulate their portfolios against extreme climate events. Circular monetary economics will lessen the probability of cross-asset contamination within financial institutions and contagion within the broader financial system, whilst simultaneously improving the transmissions from changes in the policy rate as well as macro-prudential regimes in the event of a climate or credit-driven financial shock.
Jean Bosco Harelimana
This study examines the impact of Umurenge SACCOs to financial inclusion in Rwanda. Secondary data which are time series were analyses with objectives to find out whether U-SACCO have impact to financial inclusion with baseline to 3 dimensions of Quality, accessibility and usage are dimensions of financial inclusion. This study used descriptive analysis and both excel and STATA used in computing data. The finding of this study demonstrated the positive impact of U-SACCOs to financial inclusion. However, government should put more attention on quality of financial service in SACCOs by automating of all SACCOs.
Bensethom Emna*
The aim of this paper is to study the potential effect of the financial integration and market microstructure in informational efficiency, in the context of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. Our sample comprises ten developed and African emerging markets over the period from 2003 to 2012. Using the same methodology adopted, our findings show several interesting facts. First, the markets that are more integrated with the US market are also more efficient. Moreover, this significant and positive association is established in both subgroups of developed and African stock markets. Second, the relationship between informational efficiency and financial integration loses its explanatory power over the global financial crisis period and during which African emerging markets seem to be more volatile than their developed counterparts. Overall, our results confirm that the potential benefits of financial integration process are important in the African region, which might attract foreign investors hoping not only to maximize the expected return of their portfolio but also to minimize the associated risk.
Henri Kouam
Increases in the atmospheric concentration of carbon have significant adverse environmental and socio-economic implications, more so for developing with little climate-centric infrastructure. This paper investigates the salience of renewable energy in addressing climate risks and forming the basis of an innovation-centric growth model. It analyses the prevalence of knowledge spillovers in Cameroon using patents as a proxy for innovation and drawing from a broad-based international literature spanning. The study finds a propensity for knowledge spillovers, which occur from renewable energy to innovation due to learning-by-doing. Additionally, spatial distributions of knowledge clusters are found to result from tacit circulation of technological information within and across industries. The paper finds the need for policymakers to prioritize climate-centric infrastructure to lessen environmental externalities and redress socio-economic and regional imbalances. Meanwhile, second-round effects will incite cross-industry applications from Renewable energy technologies (Rets) and achieve broader development and socio-economic objectives ranging from poverty reduction, innovation and sustainable economic growth.
Almahdi Musa Attahir Musa1*, Omer Abdelrahman Mohammed Mansour2
The paper aimed to assessment the structural adjustment policies in Sudan. The paper problem was formulated in following main question: What were the most important objectives of structural adjustment policies and programs? The paper was based on the following main assumption: Structural adjustment policies and programs in Sudan have not achieved the desired goals. The paper used the descriptive and analytical approaches. The study reached that GDP, Per Capita (PC) and External Debt (ED) had inverse impact on Economic Growth (EG), while inflation rate and Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) they had a direct impact on (GR). The paper recommended that the necessity of evaluating the structural adjustment policies to know the reasons for their failure, and then adopting
alternative policies that.
Edwin Kipyego Kipchoge
The linear relationship between time series variables is normally assumed to be stationary or simply the mean and variances do not change over time and the covariance of a variable and its lagged values are constant over time. In real situations there are some major events that can influence the fluctuations of such time series variables. Structural changes can identify whether the linear relationship between independent and dependent variable changes over some time t. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the major structural breaks in tobacco consumption in Kenya for the period 1980 to 2016. The data used was extracted from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) and Government statistical abstracts. The independent variables are the prices of tobacco both before and after tax and per capita income. The Zivot-Andrews test was applied to test one structural break, but Clement-Montane and Reyes test was used to identify the multiple structural changes. The results obtained were presented in a table form and figure for visual identification. Zivot Andrews showed that there were major and significant structural breaks in tobacco consumption in the year 2007(t-statistic value is -6.366), prices before tax in the year 1999(t-statistic value is -4.882) and per capita income had a break year 2006 (t-statistic value is -2.627). Clement Montane and Reyes results indicated that the variables under study had significant break years (p-values were less than 5 per cent significance level). Based on the results obtained, the consumption of tobacco had two major break structural breaks in the year, 1994 and 2003, similarly the income per capita break years were 1999 and 2009, also, the prices before and after-tax break years were in 1996 and 2003, and in 1995 and 2009 respectively. This structural change is an important observation in analysis as it improves the efficiency of the estimates and assist researchers and governments to identify policies that can help reduce tobacco use, reduce diseases associated with tobacco for a functional healthy nation.
Wilfred Awung Ndongko and Ismaila Amadu
This paper critically assessed some employment poverty reducing strategies put in place in Africa. From the assessment, it was realized that the strategies did not adequately contribute to generate decent and well remunerating jobs that could substantially curb poverty. As a result of this limited success of the strategies was partly attributed to limited public investments, inadequate planning and execution of development projects, dreadful mismanagement and poor allocation of resources, etc. Consequently, Africa habours about half of the world’s poor, vulnerable and underprivileged population. Thus, in an effort to reverse the situation, it is recommended that African countries should: provide professional and scientific training and education which is relevant to the needs of their economies; put in place a range of incentives which would attract foreign investments that will transform their primary and agricultural products locally; promote the intensive use of labour in implementing sustainable projects; and increase their investment in Science, Technology and Innovatio.
Iram Rani, Minhoon Khan Laghari, Hira Rani Shaikh and Muhammad Asif Channa
This Study intends the assessment of micro loan by U microfinance from females of upper Sindh. The core objective was to assess the impact of U-Microfinance on poverty level of female for improving their living standards by providing them micro loans to be used for their small-scale business which could enable them to be empowered politically, socially, economically, and assessing its impacts on the health and education of their families. Therefore, this Study was conducted on assessment of microloan interventions of U Micro finance in the rural areas of upper Sindh. Quantitative approach used to measure the impact of micro loan on the poverty status of the female along with a qualitative study to further confirm the findings. In this study quasi experimental design was used in which two groups of data from the same respondents assuming the data ‘Before-loan and After-Loan Situation’ from the female borrowers of Khairpur, Sukkur, Shikarpur, Larkana and Dadu Districts of Upper Sindh. Poverty Score Card was used as a survey instrument originally developed by World Bank for each region separately. The indicators used in questionnaire were education of self and children, number of family members, rooms in the house, basic household facilities to advanced i.e. washing machine, cooking stove heater, Air Conditioner and television along with indicators of other assets like live Stock, engine driven vehicles and agricultural land.
This study examines how three external governance mechanisms interact with the internal family-governance system to influence dividend payout decisions. The findings indicate that family businesses deliver fewer dividends when the market prefers dividends. Contrarily, family firms release more dividends under greater monitoring from institutional investors and debt holders. The study expands various theories and generates policy implications.
The oil price variations affect the economy of all countries. In 2006, Brazil discovered important oil reserves in the so-called pre-salt and became an important producer. Consequently, it became more affected by fluctuations in the price of this commodity. The impact of changes in oil price on a country's economy can be assessed by looking at its relationship with the economic indicators. The objective of the study was to identify patterns and relationships between the oil price and the following Brazilian economic indicators: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Trade Balance, Inflation, Tax Collection, and Unemployment Rate. After collecting quarterly data for the last 20 years, between 2000 and 2019, it was applied the statistical tests of Cross-Correlation, Granger Causality, and Cointegration. The cross-correlation test showed that increases in the oil price are moderately associated with increases in GDP and Tax Collection. Oil prices and Inflation showed a weak negative correlation, not showing association. The correlation between oil prices and unemployment was negative moderate, indicating that the increases in oil prices are associated with the fall in employment. Finally, the correlation between oil prices and the Trade Balance varied from negative to positive. Evidence of Granger’s causality was found only between the oil price series causing GDP. And it was not found cointegration in any series, which indicates non-existent long-term relationships. The identification of patterns and relationships between oil prices and economic indicators contributes to the adoption of
Customer loyalty is one of the keys to establishing a sustainable business in apparel B2C e-commerce, and it is influenced tremendously by customer’s online shopping experience. In this paper, we conducted a survey on customer experience, alternative attractiveness, and customer loyalty, and created a model to analyze the associations among these attributes. Customer experience was measured from five dimensions: website, product, service, brand and emotion. In the analytical model, the dimensions of customer experience were taken as independent variables, customer loyalty as a dependent variable, and alternative attractiveness as a moderating variable. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to assess the impacts of customer experience and alternative attractiveness on customer loyalty. Based on the survey data of 250 validated questionnaires, it was found that customer loyalty is significantly correlated with all the five dimensions of customer experience and with alternative attractiveness. Among the five dimensions of customer experience, service, emotion, and product experiences have slightly higher correlations than website and brand experiences. Alternative attractiveness has a small negative correlation with on customer loyalty.
Xiao Ming Li* and Mei Qiu
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.466
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.467
This study for the examination of the impact of performance evaluation of the employee working in the manufacturing organizations. Taguchi loss function was used a data analysis for optimization and simulation of the data and quantitative as well as qualitative method of research is used the main purpose of this research focuses on the employee performance enhancement and there betterment so that the organization can look upon the lagging area in quality assessment and enhance it for the attainment of the organization goal and employee development.
Tolera Tsegaye Benti and Ketema Sime Biru*
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.463
Banks are major financial institutions that play a pivotal role in the economic system, diverting financial resources from surplus economic agents to deficit ones. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of liquidity risk on the financial performance of Ethiopian commercial banks. Liquidity risk management and profitability are key issues in a competitive business environment. Fixed-effect balanced panel regressions were used for data from 13 commercial banks for the sample period of interest from 2010 to 2021. We have selected and analyzed six factors that affect the financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. The results of panel data regression analysis showed that liquidity (LATA), leverage (TLA), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) had statistically significant effects on financial performance of commercial banks. The Funding Gap Index (FGR), Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), and Bank Size (SIZE) have no statistically significant impact on central bank financial performance. Liquidity risk has therefore adversely affected the financial performance of Ethiopian commercial banks. The recommendation is that commercial banks may need to review their credit rating methodologies to ensure that only worthy borrowers lend money to reduce the large number of nonperforming loans. Lending should provide borrowers with some form of financial education, guidance, and advice on how to allocate borrowed funds. Commercial banks are required to hold sufficient capital in accordance with bank operating rules. In order to increase the operational efficiency of banks, it is necessary to improve the capacity development of bankers. The recommendation is that commercial banks may need to review their credit rating methodologies to ensure that only worthy borrowers lend money to reduce the large number of non-performing loans. Lending should provide borrowers with some form of financial education, guidance, and advice on how to allocate borrowed funds. Commercial banks are required to hold sufficient capital in accordance with bank operating rules. In order to increase the operational efficiency of banks, it is necessary to improve the capacity development of bankers. Ethiopian commercial banks can achieve profitability by increasing the size of their banks. Banks therefore have an opportunity to benefit from economies of scale by increasing their market share in the Ethiopian banking industry.
DOI: 1 0.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.465
In the fast-changing world, globalization is becoming a prevalent issue for many companies in the 21st century. Whether the comparative advantage theory is suitable for the current situation and how can the corporation achieve globalization within two stages, this paper may provide a reference in certain extent.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.469
Knowing how financial markets are affected by pandemics like COVID-19 can be extremely helpful for economic activists and economic planners. Numerous studies have been conducted in this field, and in the present study we try to provide an overview. Reviewing the literature on COVID-19 and financial markets may be done from several perspectives. Here we focus on finding a common answer from among the various studies while emphasizing two points: first is the duration of the effect pandemics have on financial markets; Studies have shown that COVID-19 has a long-term effect on certain financial markets while its effect on others is only short-term.
The second involves investigating the effectiveness of government policies regarding COVID-19. The available literature can be classified into two groups. First, studies conducted in countries where governments responded to COVID-19 more rapidly and managed to prevent the disease from spreading. In these cases, the negative effects of COVID-19 were less enduring but government intervention increases long-term uncertainty and causes long-term problems in financial markets.
The second category comprises studies that have used the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) index or the Stringency Index (SI) and examined the impact of these indices on stock market returns and volatility. The predominant result in these studies is that government policy responses increase stock market volatility and decrease returns.
For the most part, government intervention seems to have been an effective way to stop the COVID-19 pandemic, but policymakers have faced a trade-off between citizens' health and stock market disruptions.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.468
One of the arguments for the globalization is that it will efficient allocate resources in the world scale and especially make available capital and technology to the developing economies for industrialization and ultimately socio-economic development in the developing countries. Hence, the study took as its objective to examines the relationship between globalization and manufacturing sector development in Nigerian economy. To achieve this, the study adopted the ex-post experimental research design approach and annual time series data from 19986 to 2019. Overall globalization index, economic globalization index, trade openness and foreign direct investment were used as globalization variables, while Nigerian manufacturing sector output contribution to GDP served as proxy and indicator of manufacturing sector development. The analytical method followed the Paseran, Shin and Smith ARDL approach. The unit root test shows that all the variables, apart from FDI are integrated of order 1, that is, I(1) series, while FDI is I(0). Bound cointegration test revealed that there is a stable long run relationship among the variables. Estimate of the ARDL model shows that overall globalization, economic globalization, trade openness and exchange rate variations had negative and significant impact on manufacturing output growth in the long run. FDI had positive, but insignificant effect on manufacturing sector development in Nigerian economy during the period under review. Based on these findings, the study, therefore recommended that, the government should adopt proactive trade policies to protect and give competitive advantage to the domestic manufacturers in the domestic regional and markets.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.460
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.462
African Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) are anticipated to boost the member country's economic growth and development. Africa currently has eight regional economic communities. Due to regional economic integration, notably trade agreements between African regions, the majority of African countries are members of multiple regional economic communities, creating a multi-membership (spaghetti bowl). The objective of the study is to assess the effect of multi-membership in African economic communities on intra-trade performance among COMESA, IGAD and EAC using a pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model. The research revealed that having numerous memberships hinders rather than fosters intra-regional trade and regional integration. Similar to earlier research, multiple memberships burden African governments with significant time, energy, and resource costs and make them manage conflicting policies. The study recommend that implementation of the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) which aims to establish a single continental market for goods and services, free movement of businesspeople and investments, expand intra-African trade, and increase the appeal of the continent as a global trade region. This is expected to eliminate the multi-membership to various regional economic communities of Africa.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.464
This study examines the dynamics of immigrant entrepreneurship in Sweden, considering the nation's rich history of diverse immigration flows. It explores how various factors—immigration background, gender, age, geographical location, length of stay and reasons for immigration—impact immigrants' propensity to become entrepreneurs and their employment rate. Utilizing a blend of qualitative research and quantitative data analysis, the study highlights the critical role of self-employment in economic integration for immigrants, particularly in overcoming labor market barriers such as discrimination and unrecognized qualifications. It delves into the influence of ethnic enclaves and societal factors on entrepreneurial decisions. This research not only contributes to academic discourse on immigration and entrepreneurship in Sweden but also provides valuable insights for policymakers, business organizations and social actors aiming to foster economic integration among immigrants.
Suman Saini* and D. P. Warne
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.461
The presented study investigates the impact of the US Market on the herding behavior in the Indian Equity Market through an analysis of daily returns from the top 100 companies of the National Stock Exchange and S&P 500 index of the US market in tenure ranging from October 2017 to April 2023. The selected study period is very productive because during this time the Covid-19 Pandemic spread all over the world and those distinct circumstances can precipitate herding behavior. The outcomes exhibit that there is no polarization effect between the US and the Indian Market. This outcome may be due to the different market structures of both of countries. The US markets are primarily self-governing while In the Indian Equity Market government can easily interrupt the situation of destabilizing.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2023.14.465
Undergraduate students, particularly college students, have the potential to be innovative and successful entrepreneurs since they frequently have a lot of unrealized ideas. Many intriguing ideas go unexploited, though, because there is no forum to disseminate them and involve more students. Students ideas have the potential to blossom into billion-dollar businesses if they're nurtured from the idea stage through the creation of a strong business plan. Without the right direction and encouragement, students may find it difficult to turn their ideas into profitable businesses. This is sometimes hampered by worries about how they will balance their college obligations with startup work given their inexperience. The difficulties that aspirant student entrepreneurs must overcome are further complicated by the need to balance academic success, get good marks for on-campus jobs, and be ready for exams. Even if students manage to overcome these challenges, the lack of a well-written and practical business plan becomes a significant barrier to garnering investor interest and gaining funding for their projects or ideas. Thus, it is essential to give undergraduate students the instruction and tools they need to create successful business plans while they are in college. The creation of a club or organization within the institution with the specific mission of encouraging an entrepreneurial mentality and developing business plan development abilities among undergraduate students is suggested in this study article. Students can better comprehend the advantages and significance of business planning by organizing educational workshops, presentations, and debates with industry experts as well as competitions and challenges. Colleges can encourage the emergence of new businesses by supplying undergraduate students with the knowledge and abilities required for efficient business plan development.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2024.15.475
Widastra Hidajatullah Maksoed*
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2024.15.470
Ever concluded whereas fractal fluctuations exhibit quantum-like chaos. Then provided a configurative description of a repeating units [from gather (unit) to transform (emergent unit)] of four conservation laws& forces in fractal organization of nature. To be proofed that Fibonacci sequence performed through Laplacian matrix normalization which techno-econophysics realm assumed as financial innovation.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2024.15.473
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2024.15.472
In an interconnected world, the impact of global macroeconomic policies on local economies cannot be overstated. The economic decisions made by major players on the global stage reverberate across borders, affecting nations, businesses, and individuals alike. This intricate web of interdependence creates a complex tapestry where changes in one part of the world can trigger a cascade of effects, influencing economic conditions far beyond national borders. In this article, we delve into the multifaceted dynamics of global macroeconomic policies and their profound implications for local economies.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2024.15.471
In the dynamic landscape of global economies, achieving sustainable growth is a complex task that demands a delicate equilibrium between various macroeconomic and microeconomic factors. While macroeconomic policies are crucial for overall stability, microeconomic policies play a pivotal role in fostering sustainable growth at the grassroots level. One of the fundamental aspects of microeconomic management is balancing the books, which refers to maintaining a stable and efficient fiscal environment at the individual or organizational level. In this article, we delve into the significance of effective microeconomic policies in achieving sustainable growth and explore key strategies for balancing the books.
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2024.15.474
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2024.15.477
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2024.15.476
DOI: 10.37421/2151-6219.2024.15.480
Business and Economics Journal received 5936 citations as per Google Scholar report
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