Cytokine Responses

In response to influenza A virus infection, epithelial cells and leukocytes, produce chemotactic (chemokines), proinflammatory, and other immunoregulatory cytokines. The proinflammatory cytokine families, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1, induce fever while others, viz. IL-2, IL-12 and IL-15, upregulate expression of cells involved in innate immunity